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  Basic Knowledge,  Function,  Morphology,  Neurovascular supply,      Examination Methods,  Color Changes,      Staphyloma and Ectasia,  Staphyloma,  Ectasia,      Trauma,  Inflammations,  Classification Sclera Gerhard K. Lang ➽ _ Basic Knowledge ➽   _ Function The sclera and the cornea form the rigid outer covering of the eye All six ocular muscles insert into the sclera ➽   _ Morphology The sclera is fibrous, whitish-opaque, and consists of nearly  a cellular connective tissue with a higher water content than the cornea. The sclera is thickest (1mm) anteriorly at the limbus of the cornea, where it joins  the corneal stroma, and at its posterior pole. It is thinnest (0.3mm) at the equator and beneath the insertions of the rectus muscles. The site where the fibers of the optic nerve enter the sclera is known as the lamina cribrosa. In the angle of the anterior chamber, the sclera forms the trabecular network and the canal of Schle

penetrated wound - figure1 - cases HISTORY A healthy 40-year -old male presents to the emergency room with a nail penetrating his right index finger. Before removing the nail and treating the wound, you ask the patient for his immunization history . He remembers receiving a tetanus booster sho around his 34th birthday. NOW   Which the following should you administer to this patient. ? 1)    _ Containing vaccine 2)    _ Immune globulin 3)    _ Antibiotic prophylaxis 4)    _ Toxoid-containing vaccine and tetanus immune globulin ANSWER ⇊ According to ➟ CDC recommendations, patients with puncture wounds or wounds containing dirt, feces, soil, or saliva should receive a tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine as soon as possible if their last tetanus shot was more than five years ago. lf their tetanus immunization history is uncertain or they have received less than three doses , tetanus immune globulin may also be administered . Patients wit

By DR - M ohammed N agdy -EGYPT دايما بنسمع علي الرجل الاخضر    وبنشوفه في التلفزيون بس عمرنا سمعنا عن الراجل الاصفر ده بقي عندنا في الطب والراجل ده بقي تعالوا نشوف هو بقي كده ازاي ⟱ Jaundice : Yellowish discoloration of skin,sclera &mucous memebrane du to increase serum bilirubin>3mg% طيب يبقي كده عرفنا ان الموضوع كله بيعتمد علي الـ   bilirubin     تعالوا نشوف  قصة حياته بقي   اولا في عندنا الـ RBCs   ما بتتكسر في   spleen haem بتتحول الي (Fe&Bilirubin)    bilirubin ال   بياخد صفه   insoluble (unconjugated)    وبيتحد مع الـ albumin   وبيسافروا مع بعض في   blood stream لحد لما يوصل للـ liver   هيلاقي   z&y  بروتين بيغروا بيدخل الـ liver   وبيتحول فيها ويتشقلب كيانه ويتحول لـ (water soluble (conjugated bilirubin) بعد ما اتظبط في الـ liver   واخد متعته يطرده الـ liver   في الـ bile   ويدخله الـ gut   ويتحول فيها stercobilinogen     stercobilinogen بيتخذ ثلاثة طرق للنهاية   ا escape to kidney   ويخرج علي هيئة  u